How Much Force Does It Take to Snap a Pencil? Let’s Calculate!

A quick physics challenge for the curious mind—can you figure it out?

Sand isn’t a fluid — think of it as the croutons, not the soup. The usual trio is water (slickwater with friction reducer), crosslinked gelled water (guar/borate), and N2/CO2 foam; oil-based systems pop up but less often now (see https://fracfocus.org). If you had to pick one non-water type for tight shales today, would you go gel or foam?

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